這是一篇澄清文!!!!!!!!!!~
這是一封在各國網路上廣為流傳的郵件，郵件主旨為「地震來時，你躲哪裡？」內容大致是這樣的：
地震來要躲在哪裡？
請把這封信轉寄給你所關心的人
教育的失敗…國家都亂教學生…
附上我們中華民國搜救總隊在921搜救時的照片作圖解說明
正好可以相呼應, 更具震撼力及說服力
血淋淋的歷史的教訓印證了文章的內容
請將文章再轉寄出去~
地震來時，你躲在哪裡？老師教的是錯的 !!
也許你已讀過，再提醒你一次：地震來時，你躲在哪裡？如果你依照小
時候老師教我們的方法乖乖躲在桌子底下，床舖底下，那麼，我必須告訴你，你的傷亡率，高達百分之九十八！！那該怎麼辦？美國國際搜救隊長教你正確的躲避位
置。正確的地震保命法--轉載道格卡普是美國國際搜救隊長，自一九八五年至今，他及他的隊員己參與全世界七十九次重大災難的救災工作，他曾經爬進近七百棟
因為地震、爆炸而嚴重倒塌的建築物內搜查受困的生還者以及罹難者的遺體。除了參與兩年前日本神戶大地震及美國奧克拉荷馬市聯邦大樓爆炸案救授工作，十二年
來國際新聞中的重大災難救災，他都沒缺席。
本月十九日他離華前，除了中華民國搜救總隊邀他演講，美國在台協會、加拿大駐華經貿辦事處也邀請他，為美、加外交官員傳授在建築物倒塌時如何求生。國人從
小到大，在防震演習中，老師總是叫學生躲在課桌下，道格得知這點後，很焦急地一再呼籲：不要躲在桌子、床舖下，而是要以比桌、床高度為低的姿勢，躲在桌子
床舖的旁邊。
他以先前和土耳其政府、大學合作拍製的地震逃生錄影帶，說明不要躲在桌下避震的道理。透過土耳其政府協助，製作單位爆破一棟廢棄大樓，模擬地震時建築物倒
塌的情形，工作人員先依據「常識」，在桌子床舖等家具旁，同樣放置十具模特兒，炸藥引爆後大樓變成斷坦殘壁，他和搜救隊員依予找到二十具模特兒，在桌床下
的十具模特兒，有八具被壓成全毀，其中一具甚至頭、身、腳斷成三截；他放置的十具模特兒，則全部安好無事，他解釋，建築物天花板因強震倒塌時，會將桌床等
家具壓毀，人如果躲在其中，後果不堪設想，如果人以低姿勢躲在家具旁，家具可以受倒塌物品的力道，讓一旁的人取得生存空間。道格說，即使開車時遇到地震，
也要趕快離開車子，很多地震時在停車場喪命的人，都是在車內被活活壓死，在兩車之間的人，卻毫髮未傷 ( 此段話引圖片說明
)：強烈地震發生時，如果你正在停車場，千萬不要留在車內，以免垮下來的天花板壓扁汽車，造成傷害；應該以臥姿躲在車旁，掉落的天花壓在車上，不致直接撞
擊人身，可能形成一塊『生存空間』，增加存活機會…。他很慎重地對在場的一百多位我國搜救隊員說，搜救隊員必要在地震中先能自己求得生存，只有活下來，才
能拯救他人性命。他說，希望大家告訴大家，只要傳播這麼一點求生訊息，地震發生時，建築物內的傷亡率，可以由百分之九十，遽降為百分之二。請大家傳閱，增
加大家在災難發生時的生存機率，減少傷害你關心你的朋友嗎？如果答案是肯定的。
.. 請把這封信轉寄給你所關心的人 ...
========================================================
這是原文:
到底這封郵件的觀念正不正確呢？我們找到了這封郵件的「始祖」：
主旨：Rescue expert’s ‘Triangle of Life’ article gives food advice about earthquake safety.
郵件內容：
Critical Earthquake Safety Information
Interesting perspective.
Please read this and pass it on － it could save your life!!
****EXTRACT FROM DOUG COPP’S ARTICLE ON THE “TRIANGLE OF LIFE”, edited by Larry Linn for MAA Safety Committee brief on 4/13/04.
My name is Doug Copp. I am the Rescue Chief and Disaster Manager of the
American Rescue Team International (ARTI), the world’s most experienced
rescue team. The information in this article will save lives in an
earthquake.
I have crawled inside 875 collapsed buildings, worked with rescue teams
from 60 countries, founded rescue teams in several countries, and I am a
member of many rescue teams from many countries. I was the United
Nations expert in Disaster Mitigation (UNX051 - UNIENET) for two years. I
have worked at every major disaster in the world since 1985, except for
simultaneous disasters.
In 1996 we made a film which proved my survival methodology to be
correct. The Turkish Federal Government, City of Istanbul, University of
Istanbul, Case Productions and ARTI cooperated to film this practical,
scientific test. We collapsed a school and a home with 20 mannequins
inside. Ten mannequins did “duck and cover,” and ten mannequins I used
in my “ triangle of life” survival method. After the simulated
earthquake collapse we crawled through the rubble and entered the
building to film and document the results. The film, in which I
practiced my survival techniques under directly observable, scientific
conditions, relevant to building collapse, showed there would have been
zero percent survival for those doing duck and cover. There would likely
have been 100 percent survivability for people using my method of the
“triangle of life.” This film has been seen by millions of viewers on
television in Turkey and the rest of Europe, and it was seen in the USA,
Canada and Latin America on the TV program Real TV.
The first building I ever crawled inside of was a school in Mexico City
during the 1985 earthquake. Every child was under their desk. Every
child was crushed to the thickness of their bones. They could have
survived by lying down next to their desks in the aisles. It was
obscene, unnecessary and I wandered why the children were not in the
aisles. I didn’t at the time know that the children were told to hide in
the aisles. I didn’t at the time know that the children were told to
hide under something.
Simply stated, when buildings collapse, the weight of the ceilings
falling upon the objects of furniture inside crushes these objects,
leaving a space or void next to them. This space is what I call the
“triangle of life”. The larger the object, the stronger, the less it
will compact. The less the object compacts, the larger the void, the
greater the probability that the person who is using this void for
safety will not be injured. The next time you watch collapsed buildings,
on television, count the “triangles” you see formed. They are
everywhere. It is the most common shape, you will see, in a collapsed
building. They are everywhere. I trained the Fire Department of Trujillo
(population 750,000) in how to survive, take care of their families,
and to rescue others in earthquakes.
The chief of rescue in the Trujillo Fire Department is a professor at
Trujillo University. He accompanied me everywhere. He gave personal
testimony :”My name is Roberto Rosales. I am Chief of Rescue in
Trujillo. When I was 11 years old, I was trapped inside of a collapsed
building. My entrapment occurred during the earthquake of 1972 that
killed 70,000 people. I survived in the “triangle of life” that existed
next to my brother’s motorcycle. My friends who got under the bed and
under desks were crushed to death [he gives more details, names,
addressed etc.]…I am the living example of the “triangle of life”. My
dead friends are the example of “duck and cover”.
TIPS DOUG COPP PROVIDES :
1) Everyone who simply “triangle of life” WHEN BUILDINGS COLLAPSE
is crushed to death － Every time, without exception. People who get
under objects, like desks or cars, are always crushed.
2) Cats, dogs and babies all naturally often curl up in the fetal
position. You should too in an earthquake. It is a natural
safety/survival instinct. You can survive in a smaller void. Get next to
an object, next to a sofa, next to a large bulky object that will
compress slightly but leave a void next to it.
3) Wooden buildings are the safest type of construction to be in
during an earthquake. The reason is simple: the wood is flexible and
moves with the force of the earthquake. If the wooden building does
collapse, large survival voids are created. Also, the wooden building
has less concentrated, crushing weight. Brick buildings will break into
individual bricks. Bricks will cause many injuries but less squashed
bodies than concrete slabs.
4) If you are in bed during the night and an earthquake occurs,
simply roll off the bed. A safe void will exist around the bed. Hotels
can achieve a much greater survival rate in earthquakes, simply by
posting a sign on the back of the door of every room, telling occupants
to lie down on the floor, next to the bottom of the bed during an
earthquake.
5) If an earthquake happens while you are watching television and
you cannot easily escape by getting out the door or window, then lie
down and curl up in the fetal position next to a sofa, or large chair.
6) Everybody who gets under a doorway when buildings collapse is
killed. How? If you stand under a doorway and the doorjamb falls forward
or backward you will be crushed by the ceiling above. If the door jam
falls sideways you will be cut in half by the doorway. In either case,
you will be killed!
7) Never go to the stairs. The stairs have a different "moment of
frequency" (they swing separately from the main part of the
building).The stairs and remainder of the building continuously bump
into each other until structural failure of the stairs takes place. The
people who get on stairs before they fail are chopped up by the stair
treads. They are horribly mutilated. Even if the building doesn'tt
collapse, stay away from the stairs. The stairs are a likely part of the
building to be damaged. Even if the stairs are not collapsed by the
earthquake, they may collapse later when overloaded by screaming,
fleeing people. They should always be checked for safety, even when the
rest of the building is not damaged.
8) Get Near the Outer Walls Of Buildings Or Outside Of Them If
Possible - It is much better to be near the outside of the building
rather than the interior. The farther inside you are from the outside
perimeter of the building the greater the probability that your escape
route will be blocked;
9) People inside of their vehicles are crushed when the road
above falls in an earthquake and crushes their vehicles; which is
exactly what happened with the slabs between the decks of the Nimitz
Freeway. The victims of the San Francisco earthquake all stayed inside
of their vehicles. They were all killed. They could have easily survived
by getting out and sitting or lying next to their vehicles, says the
author. Everyone killed would have survived if they had been able to get
out of their cars and sit or lie next to them. All the crushed cars had
voids 3 feet high next to them, except for the cars that had columns
fall directly across them.
10) I discovered, while crawling inside of collapsed newspaper
offices and other offices with a lot of paper, that paper does not
compact. Large voids are found surrounding stacks of paper.
Be Well and Prosper,
Chuck
由於文中提出「生命三角」（Triangle of
Life）觀念並且有10點注意事項，而道格卡普是美國國際搜救隊(該隊是美國的民間救難組織)的隊長，這封郵件看來似乎是還滿合乎邏輯的，不過我們另外
也找到美國聯邦緊急應變署(FEMA)、美國紅十字會(American Red Cross)、美國加州緊急應變署署(California
Emergency Management
Agency)、日本總務省消防廳的地震宣導資料，上述官方資料皆強調地震時人若在室內，應立即壓低身子、以牢固的傢俱遮蓋自己的頭頸部(最好能全身的遮
蓋住)，並緊抓著「避難所」(或頭頸部)，直到地震停止(蹲!蓋!抓!)，這個觀念則與道格隊長相左。
美國專門針對網路謠言「闢謠」的網站「snopes.com」已有查證過，因美國與其他國家的建築標準不同，「生命三角」的觀念不見得適用，且已有許多研究證實在美國以「蹲!蓋!抓!」的原則進行避難是能夠保命的。
針對「生命三角」這封電子郵件，美國加州地震聯盟也撰寫一篇「Protect Yourself During an Earthquake…Drop, Cover, and Hold On!」（http://www.earthquakecountry.info/dropcoverholdon/），文中駁斥「生命三角」的觀念，並指出「生命三角」 (永遠要躲桌子旁邊，不要躲桌子下面) 的觀念是以下列幾點錯誤的假定為基礎的：
一、 建築物總是會在地震中倒塌：錯！特別是在已開發國家，而且薄餅狀的倒塌不管在哪裡都是很少見的。
二、 當建築物倒塌時總是將家具也壓碎：錯！人們是可以在家具底下或其他掩蔽物生還的。
三、 人們能預估建築物怎麼倒也可以預估「生存空間」(survivable void spaces)的位置：錯！地震搖晃的方向和不同的建築結構方向，讓人不可能事先預估「生存空間」
四、 地震時人們可以移動至想去的位置：錯！強烈的搖晃造成移動困難且危險。
文中還指出其他的錯誤觀念，例如，「建議在地震時要下車並坐或躺在車邊」這是假設你的車子總是在高架道路下面，高架道路隨時會倒下壓毀你的車子，當然駕駛
人是有可能在高架道路下，但是坐或躺在車邊還是非常危險的，因為車子可能會在搖晃中移動並且壓到你，而且其他的駕駛人可能會看不到你在那裡！
既然「生命三角」觀念的郵件來源是美國，這裡也提供一些美國災害應變組織及專家說明地震時應如何應變的連結（其中也有網站特別說明「生命三角」觀念是錯誤的）：
美國聯邦緊急應變署（FEMA）：http://www.fema.gov/hazard/earthquake/eq_during.shtm
加州緊急應變辦公室（California Office Emergency Services）：http://www.cert-la.com/OES-Memo-on-DCH-Procedure.pdf
加州建築工程協會（Structural Engineers Association of California）：http://www.seaonc.org/public/media/press_06.html
Marla Petal, Bogaziçi University：http://www.earthquakecountry.inf ... er_to_Copp_0906.pdf
CARD（Collaborating Agencies Responding to Disasters）：http://disasterpreventionpraxis. ... na-marie-jones.html
美國國家災害教育聯盟（National Disaster Education Coalition）：http://www.redcross.org/images/pdfs/code/earthquakes.pdf
美國紅十字會（American Red Cross）：http://www.redcross.org/www-file ... ists/Earthquake.pdf
美國奧勒岡州國土安全辦公室（Oregon Office of Homeland Security, Emergency Management）：http://listsmart.osl.state.or.us ... ptember/000021.html
Great California ShakeOut：http://www.shakeout.org/dropcoverholdon/
美國華盛頓州緊急應變部門（Washington State Emergency Management Division）：http://www.earthquakecountry.inf ... drop_cover_hold.pdf
國王郡緊急應變辦公室（King County (WA) Office of Emergency Management）：http://www.earthquakecountry.inf ... eTriangleofLife.pdf
這裡也提供一些新聞與網路文章連結作參考
Why 'Drop, Cover and Hold On' is still the best advice：http://www.times-standard.com/othervoices/ci_14364175
'Hold, duck, cover' remains best advice during quake：http://www.pe.com/quake/stories/PE_News_Local_quake09.f5e5.html
Earthquake Survival: Is Taking Cover the Safest Strategy?：http://www.divinecaroline.com/22 ... -cover-safest/print
Hey, here’s a fun topic! Earthquake safety for moms：http://genxmoms.wordpress.com/20 ... ke-safety-for-moms/
DDM Dispells Alternative Earthquake Safety Measures：http://www.bing.com/?scope=web&mkt=zh-TW
The Triangle of Life: An Eastern Caribbean Perspective：http://www.uwiseismic.com/NewsDetails.aspx?id=146
Official: Drop, cover, and hold off on the 'Triangle of Life'：http://helenair.com/news/local/a ... 1-a71db1529b64.html
Fact or Fiction? The Triangle of Life Controvery：http://janjanzendaily.com/2010/0 ... f-life-controversy/
Snopes.com (internet rumor site) analysis：http://www.snopes.com/inboxer/household/triangle.asp
所以，我們小時候在學校學到的地震避難原則是正確的！道格隊長所說的「生命三角」事實上應是指搜救人員搜救時要找的「生存空間」（survivable
void spaces），而這個空間在地震前是很難事先預測位置的，因為這個空間的位置取決於地震搖晃的方向及建築結構。
希望大家可以了解!!~到對的事情!!~國情不同~不能一體適用!!~要看該國家的建築法規設計性能要求到哪!!!~
所以特別PO上來分享給大家!!!~最近紐西蘭強震~
希望大家都有防震的意識!!~
這邊是台灣國家地震工程研究中心-關於地震工程的相關資料
安全耐震的家─認識地震工程
http://www.ncree.org/ZH/ITEE_handbook.aspx
請大家惡補一下!!!!!!!!!~
對於災害~做最努力充分的準備!!!!!!~
留言列表
